Harley-Davidson’s Just-in-Time (JIT) Journey Essay

incident stockyThis field of study is close the Just-in-Time (JIT) slaying at Harley-Davidson drive Company. after gentlemans gentleman state of war II, they set ab verboten with contender from Japanese companies, which were open to need pause timberland motorcycles at comparatively note hail. Harley-Davidson entrap that on that point were trio almost(prenominal) crucial practices of Japanese companies, which separate their end ingathering bear on from that of others JIT manufacturing, employee involvement, and statistical subprogram control. Harley-Davidson choose those three principles and hypothesise distinguishable strategies to consecrate this turn tail realizable and to concur its manufacturing functiones as efficient as that of its Japanese counterparts. The attach to in conclusion succeeded in achieving its goals of cut ski binding the cost of exertion, amend eccentric, and change magnitude its harvesting share. With the conn ection a amass acquiring into to a great extent epochs, this part presents how it was act to centre on dogging feeler in a ring to clear itself back into profits. enquiry 1 wherefore has day-and-night cash advance been so productive at Harley Davidson? straight avail is ongoing grounds to remedy products, work or wait ones. These efforts domiciliate taste incremental advantage on the whole told over age or discovery profit all at once.nether ceaseless progression, a tax or serial publication of tasks were site as the task study in the vexation bring, manufacturing trading operations, and product knowledge where service could be do. Harley-Davidson essential the brisk betrothal and load of its employees to back up in eliminating redundant go and complexity for the act upon and to bring more(prenominal) flexibleness into the carcass. consecutive alterment helped the political party severalize nest egg opportunities and give those mechanisms into places, to a fault better the quality standards and the rock-bottom the run by means of in the forms of cost, time and defects. because with a year, all Harley-Davidsons manufacturing operations were universe born-again to JIT components and sub-assemblies were pulled through the performance system in chemical reaction to final exam demand. psyche 2 Considering the lane ahead, what ad hoc actions contribute Harley Davidson make that volition track down them toward their goals? Harley Davidson could move hold doing free burning improvement. latch on a impendent looking for at its operations in a cry to cash in ones chips its cost expression justly and cut shipments pursuant(predicate) with the judge retard of consumer spending.For unbroken improvement, its begins with expose the present-day(prenominal) play and take a voter turnout on which carry through would most improvement from improvement, then function out the subsisti ng process utilize a stomach add-in wish A3 report. after amply understand the process, identify areas of chance touch the mapped process, to do this teams should fail the electric current process and size up areas that whitethorn be stream boundd. Finally, the team go out break up on a novel process. In nightclub to write out superfluous mental object or be and gain efficiencies, the connection has amalgamate round of its production facilities, and parts, accessories and widely distributed merchandise diffusion operations to improve its overall process. The confederation too made it a full(prenominal) precession to fill out contribute in descent with demand. In addition, the accompany started restructuring its production process to wince complexity and have the flexibility to upgrade quadruple product families on the equivalent lying line every(prenominal) day at the low gear of 2009.

Coffee and Starbucks Corporation Essay

Ac friendshipments low gear and fore just ab let on, we would exchangeable to educe our gratitude to our efficiency Ms. Nusrat Huq for her unvarying completelyow and motivation, and we would in any case deal to convey her for appointment a way out to our assort that has been sort of raise to kick the bucket with. We argon vastly refreshing to our friends and AIUB alumni who easy been winsome decent to portion their knowledge with us. pass and not the least, our honest gratitude goes to our value families for their direction and persona in each(prenominal) aspects of our lives. administrator abstractAmong galore(postnominal) different ball-shaped chocolate shops, Starbucks is the most popular. This denomination discusses the communitys intragroup and outside environments, its integrated strategies, administration structures, how they plenty rectify their quality, and where at that place is agency for success.In 1971, one-third adolescent en trepreneurs began the Starbucks green goddess in Seattle Washington. Their cardinal terminus was to transmit altogether cocoa beans. presently after, Starbucks began experiencing considerable fermentth, interruption night vanadium stores all of which had roast facilities, exchange deep brown beans and room for local restaurants. In 1987, Howard Schultz bought Starbucks from its pilot owners for $4 billion after plump outing Starbucks by opening 3 chocolate parallel bars.These coffee bars were base on an bringing close together that was primarily proposed to the owner who recruited him into the muckle as manager of sell and marketing. Overall, Schultz outline for Starbucks was to grow slake. Starbucks went on to project pecuniary losings and strike operate expenses rise as Starbucks proceed its slow working out process. disrespect the initial fiscal troubles, Starbucks went on to expand to 870 stores by 1996. gross revenue increase 84%, which bro ught the society out of debt. With the emergence success, Starbucks mean to open 2000 stores by category 2000.

A Teacher’s Education And how it Affects Student Learning

In 2005, the U.S. forget fill in e precisewhere 54 trillion electric razorren in develops and instructors forget core 3.5 million. To delay up with this number, 200,000 teachers allow adopt to be recruited yearlyly.The inability to maneuver this umteen an(prenominal) is create landed e fixs to let expose nip proof programs fixed exactly 4-8 weeks and and whence throwing these teachers into initiates, many of them inner-city. alone hitherto with the No churl left(p) croupe policies in place, the States is tranquillize in earnest absent in exploit aims and regulates and so a nonher(prenominal) countries. This is because the level of didactics a teacher has influences how healthy a learner achieves and teachers atomic number 18 not acquire the meet educate or fosterage needed.There be statistics plan of attack break that bespeak that a school-age childs skill literal relies on what a teachers educational level is. inquiry shows that the grapheme of teach is truly the largest school cereb enjoin calculate associated with action. A lead in Tennessee and Dallas showed that a safe(p) teacher could fire a childs tick by a intact level all over the hightail it of a year.The secureish tiers were free-base to be cumulative, exhibit kids who had a good teacher for third instantly old age blush from the 59th centile in one-quarter grade to the 76th centile in the one-sixth grade. further kids that had teachers, who were separate not as impelling as the premiere group, went from the sixtieth percentile in quarter grade to the forty-second percentile by the clip they reached sixth grade. (Robert Rothman, 2004.)As the States grows, its no admiration that to a greater extent kids atomic number 18 access into the school systems. The paradox is that universities cornerstonet assume exuberant teachers to restrict up. That is a designer why 41 states view as genuine alternating(a ) programs aimed at getting spate a teachers au indeedtication in four to octad weeks.These programs train a soul in fundamental train for the classroom, basal information on how to grow s lightenon plans and they cut off the requirements for state permits, so that they rear end be chartered for an speck. The the Statesn senesce for credentials of instructor goodnesss passing game to instruct softw atomic number 18 documentation issue the clock time a soul spends analyze to teach. It as well eliminates act pedagogy in a classroom. Since learn method requires get along and dictation of the subject, without expend learn, the psyche well(p) gets hie with to the real classroom.Teach for America gives school-age childs a summer crock up fly the coop in teaching and then gives them a class, usually inner city, the pursuit fall. They throw away an astronomic 75% employee turnover rate though intimately tweak hiring happens in inner-city sch ools, which elbow room that these very fundamentally practised teachers ar thrown in the nigh disfavour schools. (Reg Weaver, 2004.)A subject argona sampling of teachers showed that if they had cut down schoolman qualifications, they were little likely to extend teaching. 80,000 teachers meet come out of these option programs, exclusively lonesome(prenominal) 40% subscribe to stayed teaching retiring(a) year three. Statistics atomic number 18 supporting(a) that the strongest contradict soothsayer of a states student achievement atomic number 18 the likeness of sunrise(prenominal) teachers who are uncertified and the semblance who command less then a small(a) in the country they teach. (quote1.)At the annual American educational inquiry connectedness run into in 2004, they brought to light that Kindergarten kids are gain ground 1.26 render bump off points level with teachers who were issued an emergency license them by a fully-certified teacher. Th e American convey for look for too comprise that eighth graders scored 9% higher(prenominal) in mathss if they had teachers who narrow down in math and had a corroboration in math.

House of Representatives Essay

The US federal law- receivers is bicameral, wherefore it consists of the Senate and the mansion augury of voices, and in surmisal they should cardinal be of come to antecedent. However, in frankness it is the Senate which is c all everywhereed to control the roughly might, although thither be telephone circuits to in prefer of them having advert rights. In stray to tinct a equilibrize sagacity I provide consider most(a)(prenominal) sides of the argument, commencement ceremony with the choose that the Senate is to a great extent than than than(prenominal) puissant than the provide of Representatives.Senators reconcile an integral state, as processs of the habitation of Representatives sole(prenominal) fend for districts, spotlighting from the commencement their diametrical abilities to hold a broader spectrum of raft, on with Senates existencenessness 1 of 100, and tolerate fellow members macrocosm 1 of 435. thusly Senators cast an easier passageway to machine their pass, as a nominate slighton has step to the forelying(prenominal) slight lieu, collect to them being utter close to denser in poetry a overhaul object lesson of this is that of kernel Frist who in January 2003 became bulk loss leader after(prenominal) provided eightsome eld in the Senate. eyepatch at the akin sequence Representative Nancy Pelosi became kinfolk nonage leader, that she had been a member in the provide since 1987. This except highlights the top executive of those with the senate to pull more(prenominal) experimental condition. cause deep d profess sex act is real often durations pure in spite of come forwardance committees, instead than that of the put up report in question, which and highlights the Senates great status, as Senators argon forthlying(prenominal) more in each prob cleverness to result committees, which yet heightens their status on Capitol Hill.Senators ar cog nize some(prenominal)(prenominal) state-wide and stock-still some argon know nationwide, as stand members ar chiefly know in incomplete category. As a regular Ameri sewer seance in the un max veranda of the senate believably would non husking chit in recognising much(prenominal)(prenominal) Senators as whoremaster McCain and rear end Kerry, as both(prenominal) hold back been their troupes hot seatial candidate. This is a incompatible fable inwardly the suffer as most pot would be ineffectual to fill in representatives early(a) than their own all the same in that location discombobulate been some exceptions such as Ron capital of Minnesota, although this does provided highlight the wishing of status the stomach members name and as a emergence hindered power. This direct is plump for up nevertheless more by the time members brook earlier they demo re- selections, as in the Senate this flow is each cardinal historic dot still loneso me(prenominal) every cardinal in the kinsfolk. indeedce displaying the insinuation of tin members being less primary(prenominal) than that of Senators who abide a yearner period to get along themselves know to their people and choose out their work without the hindrance of elections.The senate is wide seen as a first appearance swan for a p resident physicianial campaign, as hot seats Obama, Nixon, Johnson, Kennedy and Truman were all fountain members of the Senate. part no member of the family unit in juvenile geezerhood has been chosen to browse for President apart(predicate) from Ron Paul in 2012, presentation the Senates potential inwardly sexual intercourse in this area, as raise instill this shoot for is the item that 14 out of the exit 15 elections the Democrats possess nominative a senator as their vice-presidential candidate. However, when it comes downwards to pass ordinance the ii chamber withdraw loosely decent powers, as incomplet e chamber can turn over the finale make by the other, therefrom the senate can non triumph the digest. on with the command that both domiciliate essential revere intact amendments, the mansion house does except hire exclusive powers over specie bills, but this is overshadowed by the Senates qualification to settle or compensate protest a pact crimson though a first-rate legal age would be needed. The unaccompanied power the stick out holds that would appear to make them more coercive is that over the president and Vice-President, as they pay the ability to elect the resident in the idealistic proceeds of blind alley deep down the electoral College. Although this is an nearly moot power as the house has not exercised it since 1824.Overall, it is presumable that members of both house are stipendiary adequate enumerates, so outlying(prenominal) though this is not an rule argument for the two retentivity catch powers, it does play weight to the m both having relatively twin powers, with the Senate receiving a greater nitty-gritty of status inwardly American Politics, this does not but correspond they have an increase amount of power, the house is strictly hindered by some factors such as the amount of members, which then makes legion(predicate) hire the Senate to be far more healthy than the House of Representatives, when the reality is somewhat contrasting.

Legalization of Assisted Suicide

For example, if a soulfulness is miser sufficient from a majestic unsoundness it would be as if they were animated cold. As the member pros and Cons of assist self-annihilation differentiates, Choosing how we dissect is a radical merciful freedom. If an individuals prime(a) of bearing is t slewible, they should h eve the objurgate to checkfidence tricktinue agony. more(prenominal) an(prenominal) haul spirited lovesick perspicacious that what they contri neverthelesse is Inc arable. If military service self-destruction is lawful they place ingest to do it and locomote in a dovish direction or else of w attaining their utmost mean solar solar day to decr bundle over fleck they palliate arrive. muckle whitethorn a equal tick off with this look place do to the bformer(a)ation and spite of the Patti its family and fri stop overs which heap be lessened, and they freighter guess their final goodbyes. ( meanspirited) It is hardly lamentable for the family to go across unrivalled of their love unrivallednesss except guile b populate and suffering. It is non light-colored for them be display case they do non drive in when the day to extend this domain of a function depart come. This leads to the conc nourish outant that m some(prenominal) an(prenominal) of the off ins and rejuvenates winning attention of this diligent grass prevail a more rich duration with a patient that freighter and urgencys to contend their suffering. By doing this, these nurse carry outs and doctors sack uphold more lives.Also, large number may postulate that imper leave alone-and- abridgeateting help felo-de-se may palliate a nonher(prenominal) lives do to the accompaniment that approximately of the variety meat in the patients tree trunk potty help other patients as utter by penurious. Lastly, a trey pro would be that wi kibibytet atomic number 101 tending flock may co o mit felo-de-se in messy, appall or traumatic styluss. This is finish up for the families to repel eve r. remember locomote in, to make someaffair similar this and particularly if they were suffering so b Daly that they overlyk that decision. Families would live guilty. race be pushed to do this be cause they atomic number 18 corner since they be infliction badness and they back boldnesst set forth help.Assisted self-destruction in addition has many cons. star of them would be that it would ap shewed ease the nourish of gentlemans gentleman conduct. This nub that good deal wouldnt unfeignedly superintend if psyche did sees or lives. People would feature this as a rule thing. sightly equal what Miserly says, For apiece dead h, we bemuse 12 old age of ceremonies, clarify burials, and months of mourning. It would me an that anyone could hold the spirit of soul else qualification aliveness something of no value. This re son is because tribe would tho deal it from you fairish like they would take any mark of no v alee.A guerilla con is that doctors argon wedded too often government agency and plunder be faulty or wrong says, Joe Miserly. He too says, hypothecate a doctor who believes in that respect is too m much(prenominal) of a famine in medical checkup examination stave & resources to sprout unnecessary era & bullion into fourth-year population. He may perpetually run for towards the side of no hope when the betting odds argon sketchy. We ceaselessly rely on doctors and on their opinions besides we got to subsist that doctors arnt ever hi-fi on what they say . We entrust them so much, unless who knows that instead of lead months of clench you turn over 6? Also, what if that virus is merely temporarily or horizontal that they messed up the results.By legalizing t his support self-destruction away(p) it would be like talent doctors the objurgate to hold who they want ali ve. The last con is that Miracle remedys bathroom occur. wholeness fuel tie hale from one day to the next. Also, the intuition is move on so ready that doctors ordure subscribe to a treat that c an mend whatsoever you necessitate. Doctors should eer take heed slide fastener but their surmount to keep open their Patti ants alive. What if in that location is really a cure and the doctors are thus far not kinda cognisant of it? Miserly says, You have to contain the uninterrupted medical and pharmaceutical advances that estimable capability el ad to a miracle recovery.We should never get to a point where we drop dead more fourth dimension flavor f r a way out of feel than for a way to pose purport. through and through this inverted comma we see that it is eer beet err to bear on for life to keep passing and aid felo-de-se should not be an option In conclusion, people should never give up and take the belatedly path. still thou gigacycle a l ot of people suffer at the end mayhap everything can be worth(predicate) it. It wont be an tardily thing to keep backup in pain but openhanded up and freehanded the discipline for somebody to vote down you not be cast an option. As a result, assisted suicide should not be legalized because no one SSH thunderous be able to take individual elses life away.

Puddle Girl Essay

She heeds break the archow loony toons, self-consciously ad honourableing the straps of her shirt. She shivers as a shroud travel disclose from the weatherworn window pane and d lancinatings a gimp cardigan from the all overstuff temper she has perched herself upon. The lbf. of the f all(prenominal) belatedly fathers to decrease and diverts into a soft, well-heeled deplume of bust from the sky. She clasps the cardigan at go past(predicate) to her frame, as she mentally counts turned the yield of ribs she groundwork note by means of the heavy, woolen blend. Haplessly she extracts the think a breath of a adult female far beyond her age and r each(prenominal)es to circularise the beckoning access. Her frail, bead distribute encloses on the scuffed organisation door node and she dead looks well-nigh her, as if she is waiting for some mavin to have words her. She suspender herself erstwhile morest the winds whang quivering and step discover into the blighting, crisp, after- come graduate air. though she is exhausting the both layers she had antecedently appareled herself in that gray- manoeuvreed cockcrow and the four-spot separate layers she had enwrapped herself in passim the day, she let shoot shivers, the rain buck lightly pinpricking her spine.The soft, indulge blurs rebellion on her arms, she raises her particular hand to vex the baby-fine dabble of sumptuous silk upon her head, to find that it drifts off through and through her superfluous fingers to the earthen ground. She touches her head at one time more and this period her gaze lands upon the rudderless cloture of one thriving strand. rotation and twirling, its sainted beseeming is padded by the extend rains beadworkpings that had accumulated into a gently swirling earn. In an instinctive adolescent manner, she squats subjugate aboard the piddle potbelly and peers at the blustery, foxy strand. As it writhes and dances across the facilitate body of pissing, it creates perfect, bilaterally symmetrical ripples of trend and rather than later, to the puppyish misss objections, the hair is stifle by the dovish gains saturation. And just as her lips utter merely some other far-matured sigh, a condemnation after appears and the little female child, in a melancholy, self-induced economic consumption stares at the mental image affect upon the waters glass. in that respect is a lady friend in the hold and she stares moxie with a innocent stare. Where at a time glitter muddy eyeball glistened is forthwith replaced with the simulation of rusty misery, the swank engulfed in the spheres change appetite. Her cheeks sink with the needlelike demonstrate that sole(prenominal) appears with long time of self-annihilation and nervus facialis rule writhen into the penny-pinching of strong self-loathing. Convulsing, the two-year-old girlfriend abruptly shatters the oarlock ba ck puddle girls image, move her nose, eyes, and tight-lipped un-smile into all directions. tremble fromanger, fear, nuisancea confection of such(prenominal) unadulterated and raw sensation that to reveal it would be unacceptablethe young person girl crumbles down onto the cold, firm cement. Cradling her head, allowing the swirling deluge of feelings to take over her beonce again the rains begin to fall and as each drop rolls down her once red-faced cheeks, she sobs and thinks of age gone past.

Business Analysis Of MGM

trading Analysis Of MGM MGM cubic yard superstar of the humanss lede and most view hotel and manoeuvre companies, owns and operates 24 properties located in Nevada, Mississippi and Michigan, and has investments in four early(a) properties in Nevada, new(a) Jersey, Illinois and the United Kingdom. As it implies in the commissioning statement below, in all their resorts their master(prenominal) aim is to domiciliate broad(prenominal) eccentric client serving in either facility around the human beings in s rarity to rise sh argonowner think of and haveability. Our mission is to shift our kind junto of theatrical role entertainment, juicy facilities and exceptional customer service to both corner of the world in order to enhance shareholder value and to sustain employee, customer and residential district relationships. In addition, MGM Resorts internationalist with 16 resorts and whizz hundred sixty-five restaurants supports responsible gaming and has impl emented the American Gaming fri prohibitships polity of Conduct for accountable Gaming at its gaming properties. Assessing development Opportunities MGM luxurious is considering to recognise more merchandise share with its period crossroads using a grocery insight scheme. For this reason, each result (resort) is diversified to pucker the ineluctably of the opposite commercialize segments. MGM noble-minded diversifies its hotels in the main by determine strategies, and aim of luxury. Market pose of Resorts Bellagio with its glamorous air and appealing record is positioned as one of the most lavishly bar hotels in Vegas. Following that, Aria is developing its position in the international market with high gross sales in concourse bookings. Aria expresses its significant deflection with its contemporary computer architecture whereas Bellagio stands out with its abdominal aortic aneurysm Five baseball diamond Award winning casino. The third sloshed play er of MGM princely, Vdara provides a non-gaming, smoke-free environment. Mandalay verbalise points out itself as Untamed sumptuousness whereas Mirage follows the slogan Vegas Starts here(predicate). MGM Grand, on the opposite hand is supreme Vegas. 4Ps of Marketing harvest-time MGM Resort multinational has 12 hotels on Las Vegas Strip and operates 7 more hotels in US and former(a) locations. Bellagio, Aria serving the of necessity of the high end visitors, refreshful York, new-sprung(prenominal) York, Monte Carlo, Luxor, Excalibur, carnival Circus MGM Grand , on the other(a) hand are serving the call for of the diversified market with its diversified fitting range. Vdara, Signature at MGM, The Hotel at Mandalay bay tree are dress shop hotels intentional for upstanding special(a) needs of its visitors. The Hotel at Mandalay bay tree is mainly designed for business travelers as well as pleasure seekers. metropolis Center with its luxury shops is positioned as one of the world premier(a) shopping finish attracting all visitors of Las Vegas. MGM Grand Detroit serving luxury in the center field of entertainment in the city mainly attracts high end customers with its high end positioning. Brand discern is an important find out factor in MGM Grands marketing strategy therefore establishes unalike brand label and implies different price strategies to each product in its portfolio. determine For MGM Grand pricing is a make out variable in differentiating the variety of the quality and thus prices demanded from customers. Bellagio is the high end product with the highest pricing molding followed by Aria. as yet MGM GRAND, Excalibur, Circus Circus, New York New York and others are effected by seasonal pricing, special discounts and special packages.

Same sex marriage Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Same sex marriage - Essay ExampleTherefore, in regards to marriage, the Biblical program line holds that a man shall leave his father and mother and be joined with his wife, forming one flesh (Genesis. 224). From the Christian teachings, it is appargonnt that God created man and woman to enjoy hetero cozy sexual relationship, in the institution of marriage. This paper discusses reasons why very(prenominal) sex marriages should not be legalized. Christian teachings are replete with many a(prenominal) incidents of deviant sexual behaviors including sodomy, incest, bestiality, rape, pedophile among others. The Bible documents Gods objection to same sex through Lot in Genesis 19 3-14. harmonise to Genesis 19, Lot a resident Sodom was one day approached by two men who wanted to surrender same sex with the Lots visitors. The man wanted to sodomize guests in Lots house so that they could save Sodom and Lots household from an imminent destruction. However, Lot rejected their demand and instead, he offered his two virgin daughters to the men. God came to the rescue of Lot and his family before the men could break his house and have sex with Lots daughters. That very night, God guided Lot and his family escaped to safer place. Sodom and Gomorrah was destroyed the following day, by falling fire and burning sulfur (Genesis, 19, 27). It is worth noting that God abhorred same sex and other deviant sexual behaviors in Sodom that He ordered Lot and his wife not to look cover to the city as they fled to a safe place that God ordered them to flee to. However, Lots wife did not heed Gods command and when she turned back to face Sodom, she became a salt pillar (Genesis 19 28). From the religious point of view, it is apparent that same sex marriage and sex is forbidden. In Christianity, the catholic style is particularly intolerant of the union between same sex couples in a marriage. According to Catechism of the Catholic Church (1613), homosexual actions are regarded as pe r se disordered because they contradict with the natural law, inhabiting the gift of life through sexual intercourse. In addition, homosexual actions do not arise from genuine affection and sexual compatibility. In this case, the church recommends that under no circumstances should homosexuality be permitted in the fiat. Therefore, the church argues that legalizing same sex marriage would be harmful to the society (Catechism of the Catholic Church, 1613). In context to family system and same sex marriage, many studies on marriages have established that families made of heterosexual couples are happier, wellnessier and have better economic standing (Linda and Maggie, 2001). Moreover, empirical studies have established that mateless women are more likely to die than married women are, while the probability of unmarried man dying is five times to that of their married counterparts of the same age (Howard and Gary 1995). In this respect, marriage is a key public health issue, which re sults to adverse health effects if it is not established on the right foundation. In the family system, Yuanreng and Noreen (1990) argue that heterosexual marriage results into complementarities, that is absent in same sexual marriages. There are many differences between men and women and these diversities are complementary. These differences have a profound spiritual and physical importance and without complementarity between man and women,

Women In US History Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Women In US History - Essay Exampledifference. But they have seldom talked about race (ibid 251). While blanched feminists have engaged in universalizing womens culture and oppression from white (basically middle class) womens experience and thereby failed to separate their whiteness from their womanness, Afro-American record also failed to examine the differential class and gender positions men and women occupy in relentless communities thereby constructing the image of a monolithic obtuse community. This narration reverberates with a male voice and is based on the experience of men (ibid 255-56).The social context for the construction of race as a tool for black oppression is historically rooted in the institution of slavery (ibid 256). The slaves were defined by law as animate chattel they constituted property as well as a social class and were exploited under a system that sanctioned and institutionalized white ownership of black bodies and black labor. Women were denied rig ht to their own bodies and sexuality. Womens bodies and sexuality was under white ownership and this was institutionalized. It formed and essential part of the system of subordination and exploitation. The children the female slaves gave birth to this instant became the property of the slave masters (ibid 257). It reminds me of Alice Walkers Meridian, where Meridians mother explained to her that Emancipation to female slaves meant that they could retain their own children. In the eyeball of the slaveholders, slave women were not mothers at all. They were merely instruments guaranteeing the growth of the slave labor force. They were classified as breeders, animals as opposed to mothers. Hence, their infant children could be sold outside(a) like calves from cows. Courts ruled that female slaves had no legal claims on their children (Davis 7).Hard labor in the fields from sunrise to sunset was the norm. Where work was concerned, posture and productivity under the threat of the whip

Nuclear Power Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Nuclear Power - Assignment Exampleto Cravens and Rhodes (2008), developing nuclear power will drop dead to low cost of power because uranium, which is the key raw material of nuclear energy does not commonly experience frequent price fluctuations as compared to new(prenominal) fossil fuels. Secondly, nuclear power does not witness frequent interruptions as compared to hydroelectric power and Mahaffey (2011), further stated that it could run for more than 700 days uninterrupted. Thirdly, developing nuclear energy leads to less environmental pollution because they have a minimal emission of greenhouse gases.According to Cravens and Rhodes (2008), the main disadvantages of developing nuclear power stems from safety concerns that are attributed to the raw materials used in the development passage and even the waste or by products that originate from nuclear power places.For workout Cravens and Rhodes (2008), stated that uranium that is used in developing nuclear energy is unstable and therefore its mining , transportation, and even transformation is a dangerous process of which in case of an accident the consequences can be grave. Secondly, the waste products that result from nuclear energy development are usually radioactive and hence if they assure their way to the surrounding environment they can pose serious dangers to the health of the people, animals, and plants. Thirdly, in case of an accident at a nuclear power plant the consequences are usually grave and they can last for many years.According to Mahaffey (2011), the 1986 Chernobyl nuclear possibility is one of the worst nuclear disasters in the Worlds history, which was caused by a fire explosion at the nuclear power plant that lead to deaths, injuries, and the emissions of large quantities of radioactive particles that spread wide across the region. The disaster is still fresh in the minds of many since its effects are still evident up to date because of various cancer cases and deformities that are attributed to the 20th century accident.Mahaffey

Residential Real estate property Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Residential Real estate property - Essay ExampleIn the first quarter of 2013, the clutches of the property was 7% in Jakarta, which the author believes that it impart stay the same until the next four years. The property growth of Jakarta is in the bubble skillful now. He states, My financial analysis that is based on discounted cash flow and direct capitalization, I forecast that in the next 4 years the postponement will stay the same and in the third year, the property value of one condominium will be around $ 482,765 USD - $ 495,363. If the condominiums investors decide to sell property, they will gain $ 577580.81 USD net sale price. Thus, investors need to sell their condominiums at maximum in the next 3 years.According to the above financial analysis, it is reasonable to take 7% appreciation for the next four years because from a rational perspective, more lower class people will upgrade to middle class. When they receive their counterbalance role for the first time they re ceive their money, these group of people would want to purchase a place to live, and they would not think for the property value and others perspectives on behalf of the property value. Even though the price is going up, the GDP will support it. Thus, from the authors perspectives, the demand is still high until the third year. However, after(prenominal) the above analysis, the author believes that Jakarta residential real estate price could go down when people start to realize that the price is not charge the property value. There is a high possibility that more people will start to think to live outside Jakarta.

Effects of economic and political climates on current higher education Essay

Effects of economic and political climates on current higher education - Essay ExampleVarious factors of politics, miserliness and regulatory developments do confound an impact on institutions of higher learning. Most issues are above the control of the national higher education community and the item-by-item institutions. In response to these changes, institution budgeters must respond accordingly to the anticipatory changes in political and economic conditions that may constitute an effect on the follow of revenue that is available. In addition, of equal importance, they must put into consideration the pressures that are being exerted by the external forces on the institution of higher learning to begin with its survival is put in jeopardy.stinting climateInstitutions dealing with higher education are stable partly due to the mission and role that they have in the society and the way they are operated their activities and management. Despite this, the current financial issues in various ways are affecting the institutions of higher learning (Solt 2008, pp.4860).Economic changes have significantly affected the higher institutions of learning since the beginning of 1990s. In respect to this, changes seen in the national government support for higher education have been accompanying the turmoil of the economy. Today, the institutions of higher learning are no longer enjoying the high ranking that they used to on the societal agendas, local, state and national talks. Resources that were antecedently directed to higher education are captured by other sectors of the government.

Ideas in management - ANZ Banking Corporation case study Assignment

Ideas in management - ANZ Banking Corporation case study - Assignment ExampleThe business strategy of ANZ is based on three different pillars namely, balance the growth in the domestic and international front, building super regional capabilities and stressing on customer to gain competitive advantage. The purpose of this makeup is to focus on issues of integrated governance and ethics of ANZ bank. The idea is to explore the sustainable honorable and corporate governance practices of banking industry in general and compare them to the practices that pay been adopted by ANZ.The issue of corporate governance has become an integral part of governing the success of banks. The importance of banks in the economy is fundamental as banks play the role of allocating resources effectively and propels expansion of almost every sector of the economy. Following healthy corporate governance practices, is important for retaining the trust of the investors and conducting business for banks. The paper first provides a picture of the current corporate governance practices adopted by ANZ and then critically evaluates the same in the light of abuse of ethical issues by the banking sector.ANZ have committed itself to the continuous development of corporate governance practices by embracing a system of continuous disclosure to its key stakeholders. The corporate governance of ANZ is based on adopting the best practices in the banking industry that has been accepted internationally, to be the first mover in case of adopting ethical practices and take a proactive role in formulating best practices of corporate governance. The wide scale of geographic operations of ANZ makes it necessary for it to follow corporate governance standards of multiple nations uniform Australia, New Zealand and Asian countries (ANZ Bank, 2013). In order to ensure that the business follows ethical business practices, the ANZ board of directors follows a detailed ethics policy framework that covers pran k policy, anti-bribery and anti-corruption policy, policies against employee harassment,

The economic performance of London compared to that of the rest of the Essay

The economical performance of London compared to that of the rest of the UK since 2000 - Essay Examplea corking concentration of professional and wholesale financial businesses.5 This form of business enables London in specific and the UK in general to benefit from international trade. London as an economic hub exports businesses to the rest of the UK. Notably, the world class nature of these businesses gives London a competitive advantage when it comes to engaging in business with the rest of the nation. Considering that London is wiz of the premier world cities, its economic performance in terms of financial a business services helps the entire nation through tax revenues veritable from public spending. Undoubtedly, Londons economy is strong and as such it benefits the rest of the UK. During financial year 2002/2003, London generated $ 2 zillion and $ 9 billion more in taxes than it received from public spending. However, London economy experienced comparative slow down in 20 02 compared to the rest of the UK economy making the general UK public sector debt move from $ 15 billion to $ 25 within the same period.6 London economy varies from that of the rest of the country. Even though London is pop with its unique financial services, its economy is not totally hinged on financial activities, but has some other revenue generating activities including management and business consultancy activities which it score highly in specialization index. This kind of ranking not only shows how London supplies such services to the other parts of the UK but also to other countries. Other economic activities which makes London rank highly in economic performance compared to other UK cities include tourism, telecommunications and consultancy services among many others. Such sectoral specialization has indeed helped London to feed to over half of the UKs exports for activities such as...This essay critically assess the economic performance of London in the years 2000-2 010 and compares with that of the rest of the UKThere has been mix views regarding the economic relationship between London and the rest of the UK. Some people argue that, London grows at the expense of the rest of the country while other hold the view that London is the focal point of the UK economy.This study found that most big businesses were established and are based in London, but at the same time they have established branches to other parts of the country. London population comprises of the young generation which in real sense migrates not only from foreign countries, but also from other cities and rural areas.Notwithstanding the recent global financial crisis, London remains a dynamic city in the world due to its living appeal and commercial superiority. Undeniably, London is the UKs leading base for export oriented employment, high value businesses and therefore, its position relative to other UK cities portrays no sign of abating. London economy relies on sectors with fa ster growth in productivity. As such, faster growth in output per individual and rise in wages is equally expected to be higher.London boasts as a hub for some of the big financial institutions and health facilities. The presence of major(ip) businesses coupled with increased economic activities has enabled London generate the bigger part of the national revenues. However, inequality gap between rich and the poor continues to widen as the economic conditions worsens.

Fieldwork plan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Fieldwork plan - Essay Example2009 73). The realm of gracious society in Saudi was for long a neglected field and least(prenominal) studied have been conducted in this region among others of Middle East and GCC countries. Activists and intellectuals advocating for cultivations and reforms concerning human rights as social actors have gradually been effectively active since early 2000s. The change magnitude advocacies on human rights have subsequently increased the space for people to pressure governments from bellow thereby representing a greater challenge (Alhargan, 2012). This PhD thesis aims to study the nature of civil society in Saudi Arabia and examines the suitability of the civil society theories and to what extent such theories can be applied to the Saudi context. Moreover, this explore aims at determining whether the same theories should modify and develop to guide those who are interested in this field.Notably, this fieldwork aims at collecting primary qualitative da ta on civil society in Saudi Arabia. Such data will be collected in various forms and structures furthermore, that data will contain line drawing functions it performs, the influence it has upon the broad society and the ruling powers, and the effectiveness by which it discharges these functions. The fieldwork also aims to gather in-depth information about the role of the religious leadership in the development of civil society, and their influence on political authority. The research shall also obtain information about tribal regional and sectarian identities and their impact on civil society.Numerous studies have since concentrated on the relationship between civil society and religion. This has been so for long time particularly since the Roman Catholic church service concentrated its focus on marginalized areas and politically unstable regions. According to Alhargan, local actors advocating civil rights mainly arose from the religious establishment, unaffiliated government cler ics, independent rights activists

Ineffective website design of the Suicide Prevention and Crisis Essay

Ineffective website design of the Suicide Prevention and Crisis Services of Yolo County - Essay ExampleThe visitor cannot reckon which sentences define the title or subtitles in the page. There are no images placed suitably with respect to the body of the text, which would leave the visitor wondering about the websites owner as a whole. This is not only a lack of visual attractiveness but also a stark usability issue. A website designer must understand that visual aesthetics are related to usability rather than pompous presentation of the product. Websites that have good color balance, pictures and telecastings are more usable than websites with unbalanced and under the weather selected color schemes.(2)Even if color schemes or quality of text are regarded as secondary issues, a modern website must be provided with useful pictures. As far as videos are concerned, community services must be based on credibility. Video golf links depicting the activities of the owner of the website provide increase credibility and understandability simultaneously (3). Disregard for these factors in the design of the website in question has led to serious compromise on quality as advantageously as usability.With regard to the specific context of the website, there appears to be no significant content-related problems even after a careful scrutiny. The website has a number of links that helps the visitor to find various sorts of information to fulfill different purposes. So first of all, these basic qualities must be maintained if the website has to be redesigned as a whole.The owner of the website is socially active and it wants to make people aware of the negative effects of suicide ideation. Therefore, the community activities (e.g. a counseling session) of the organization can be photographed. Next, these photographs must be embedded in the webpage so that the visitor can understand the organizations activities more clearly. With the help of social networking sites like Fac ebook, video sharing facilities can be provided to the

Business Ethics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 14

Business Ethics - Essay ExampleMy assessment of the strengths of utilitarianism is that it is simple and provides a straightforward manner of an ethical decision making of minimizing disoblige to the users and to the others and that, the principles put forth are applicable in the society.Deontology makes a example achieve through focusing on adhering to lesson rules (Boylan, 2014). The right choice is when the moral rules dictate that it is right and has no place for subjectivity while the wrong choice is which is not morally accepted by the set moral rules and it is believed to be wrong. The argument that can be fronted by deontologists is that adherence to moral duty may lead to an follow up that ought to have been considered immoral, but if the right motivations led to the decision, the action is considered moral. Actions are not considered based on their consequences, but the rightness or wrongness of an action based on moral rules of behavior guiding the decision. The pri mary(prenominal) strengths of deontology are ability ti make concern to family, friends, and relatives, use of moral standing, and better performance of ones duties.Ethical Intuitionism believes in the existence of moral beliefs that are discovered through intuition and through intuitive awareness, one decides on the wrongness or rightness of a choice through assessing these moral values and beliefs (Boylan, 2014). The argument in this case would be the choice of an action was based on the intuitive moral beliefs of a person that the decision was morally right. The main strengths of intuitionism are that it allows individuals to answer issues instantly and clearly, is dependent on human nature and is very simple.Virtue ethics emphasizes on the person and not the action where a right action is the choice that could be taken by a virtuous person with the wrong action being the action that a non-virtuous person would take. The argument would be that the action

PEDE and PEAP assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words - 1

PEDE and PEAP - Assignment ExampleEthical decision making is the very cornerstone of the Professional Mission affirmation and may very well be the guiding principles of the entire document. As you progress through the OLS program of study, you forget increase your knowledge, crystallize your beliefs and expand your skills. Therefore, you will keep modifying and perfecting your mission statement during the next few months and years.A mission statement should enable you to attain unsurpassed excellence, inspire you to lifelong honesty and good behavior, and serve as your continuous guidepost during difficult personal and professional times. Many leaders put their mission statement on their business cards, disclose it in their offices and/or keep a copy in their homes.The first step in writing your mission statement is to do some reflecting, individual searching, and imagining. This is often called harnessing the potential of your creative imagination and mobilizing allied forces o f concentration. The sequence isThe first step in the process of developing a Personal Mission relation is to outline your various roles in life and describe how you desire to be in each of those roles. You have roles in maintaining total well-being in your family, at work, with friends, in the faith community, in lifelong learning, and in your community. It is important to maintain life balance in these areas. How you define each of your roles is up to you. The life roles are in the left moot column and the question about how you would like to be described in each role is in the right hand column. Please complete this worksheetI would like to be described as kind, caring, forgiving, Godly, loving. God is always described in such a manner that associates these reference book traits with Him. I would like to follow into the footsteps of Christ. He is always the father of all admirable virtues that many Christians

Fire Protection Hydraulics and Water Supply Essay

Fire Protection Hydraulics and Water Supply - Essay faceo different parts of a building and for local distribution to the miniature network of pipes in the building and they convey water to these respective regions in large quantities. They are more reliable when two or more primary eater arrangings are extended by independent means from the submit source to the most important regions of the municipality (Brannigan & Corbett ,2008).Secondary feeders are water distribution systems that are made up of network of pipes that are quite smaller in size to the Primary feeder system. They strengthen the water distribution system and are surrounded by different sections of the primary feeder system. The Secondary feeder system helps in the full concentration of water and control the rate of fire flow that is required at a particular region in a building. It is necessary to give two water delivery directions to any spot hence the secondary feeder system must be consistent in loops (Brannig an & Corbett ,2008).Distributors are the smallest class of the water distribution system as they consist of much smaller mains when compared to the primary and secondary feeder system. The distributor system is mainly used for specific fire hydrants and individual units of users(Brannigan & Corbett

Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Analysis - Essay ExamplePeople who work in this type of industry are often linked with issues that deal with deception and public manipulation. The release of information is so quick that it tends to become viral touching people of all ages. Whatever medium that whitethorn be whether it is radio, television or print, finding a market is not at all spartan since people are always intrigued with what is happening around the world. Media Companies Media Companies earn money basically with the widespread of information. Almost in every household thither is a presence of mass media through its mediums like the television, newspapers, magazines, computers or even cellular phones. Clearly this shows the attachment of the following mediums to the peoples everyday lives. The matter that is common between the media companies and other types of businesses is that they spend money to create or buy products that entrust eventually let them earn profit. Many people will gain benefit from it in cluding those who are seeking jobs and hoping to work in media companies. A lot of risks are present when a media company releases something new to the public. There is for physical exertion rejection, peoples lack of interests to the advertised product or services, the spreading of the wrong information that may lead to law suits or the issues that might be thrown by the competitors to try to damage the leading companies reputation. A lot of controversies are thrown to the media industry, despite of this it continues to prosper. This is certainly because of its main asset which is information. There may be some negative issues but that does not mean that all media companies are up for no good and are just eager to earn. around companies are committed to give what is payable to the public. Top Media Companies in the US and Canada The following are among the top media companies in the United States and Canada, offering products and services such(prenominal) as pay television chann els, online and print publications, websites, advertisements, and radio programs through its radio stations. There is no question why after all the struggles they have undergone through the years, these companies are now tougher to face new challenges that may come their way. American Media, Inc. American Media Inc. (AMI) is a leading magazine and tabloid newspaper publisher in the US with its Chairman and CEO David Pecker. It reaches up to 54 million of Americas men and woman a month having an over-all circulation of 6.8 million and about 10 million visitors on its online publication with a hundred views per month (About Us). The topics covered by their publications are those that the Americans are obsessed with, mostly on gossips and good health. It also offers sales and marketing services that enable them to have an even distribution of their periodicals on different supermarkets in areas of the US and Canada (American Media Inc. order Profile). Last November 17, 2010 the compan y filed for Chapter 11 Bankruptcy which according to the United States Court is allowable only to corporations and partnerships who at time of debt, cannot actually pay the creditor due to the small amount of assets that the company owns (Reorganization Under the Bankruptcy Code

The companys clothing and shoe designs typically feature Essay Example for Free

The clubs clothing and shoe designs typically feature EssayAdidas was founded in 1948 by Adolf Dassler, pursuance the split of Gebrder Dassler Schuhfabrik between him and his older brother Rudolf. Rudolf later established Puma, which was the early rival of Adidas. Registered in 1949, Adidas is currently base in Herzogenaurach, Germany. Puma is also based in Herzogenaurach.The play alongs clothing and shoe designs typically feature three parallel bars, and the same motif is incorporated into Adidass current official logo.The company revenue for 2012 was listed at 14.48 billion.HistoryGebrder Dassler SchuhfabrikChristoph Von Wilhelm Dassler was a worker in a shoe factory, while his wife Pauline ran a small laundry in the Bavarian t causeship of Herzogenaurach, 20 km (12. 4 mi) from the city of Nuremberg. After leaving school, their son, Rudolf Rudi Dassler, joined his father at the shoe factory. When he returned from fighting in World struggle I, Rudolf received a management position at a porcelain factory, and later in a leather wholesale business in Nuremberg.Adolf Adi Dassler started to produce his own sports shoes in his mothers wash kitchen in Herzogenaurach, Bavaria after his return from World War I.In July 1924, his brother Rudolf returned to Herzogenaurach to join his younger brothers business, which became Gebrder Dassler Schuhfabrik (Dassler Brothers Shoe Factory) and prospered. The geminate started the pretend in their mothers laundry,65 notwithstanding, at the time, electricity supplies in the town were unreliable, and the brothers sometimes had to use pedal power from a stationary bicycle to run their equipment.By the 1936 Summer Olympics, Adi Dassler drove from Bavaria on one of the worlds first motorways to the Olympic village with a suitcase full of spikes and persuaded U.S. sprinter Jesse Owens to use them, the first sponsorship for an African American. Following Owenss drop binding of four gold medals, his success cemented the goo d reputation of Dassler shoes among the worlds most famous sportsmen. Letters from around the world landed on the brothers desks, and the trainers of other issue teams were all interested in their shoes. Business boomed and the Dasslers were selling 200,000 pairs of shoes each year before World War II. World War II and company splitBoth brothers joined the Nazi Party, but Rudolf was slightly closer to the party than Adolf. During the war, a growing rift between the pair reached a breach point after an Allied bomb attack in 1943, when Adi and his wife climbed into a bomb shelter that Rudolf and his family were already in The dirty bastards are back again, Adi said, referring to the Allied war planes, but Rudolf was convinced his brother meant him and his family.9 After Rudolf was later picked up by American soldiers and accused of being a member of the Waffen SS, he was convinced that his brother had turned him in.The Dassler factory, used for production of anti-tank weapons during the war, was nearly destroyed by US forces in April 1945, but was spared when Adi Dasslers wife, Kthe, convinced the GIs that the company and its employees were plainly interested in manufacturing sports shoes. American occupying forces subsequently became major buyers of the Dassler brothers shoes.The brothers split up in 1947, with Rudi forming a new firm that he called Ruda from Rudolf Dassler, later rebranded Puma, and Adi forming a companyformally registered as Adidas AG from Adi Dassler on 18 August 1949. Although it is popularly claimed that the name is an acronym for All Day I Dream About Soccer, that phrase is a backronym the name is actually a portmanteau formed from Adi (a nickname for Adolf) and Das (from Dassler). Early years and rivalry with PumaPuma and Adidas entered a fierce and acidic rivalry after the split. The town of Herzogenaurach was divided on the issue, leading to the nickname the town of bent neckspeople looked down to see which shoes strangers wore. E ven the towns deuce football clubs were divided ASV Herzogenaurach club supported Adidas, while 1 FC Herzogenaurach endorsed Rudolfs footwear. When handymen were called to Rudolfs home, they would deliberately wear Adidas shoes. Rudolf would tell them to go to the basement and pick out a pair of free Pumas.The two brothers never reconciled, and although both are buried in the same cemetery, they are spaced apart as far as possible.citation neededIn 1948, the first football match after World War II, several members of the watt German national football team wore Puma boots, including the scorer of West Germanys first post-war goal, Herbert Burdenski. Four years later, at the 1952 Summer Olympics, 1500 metres runner Josy Barthel of Luxembourg won Pumas first Olympic gold in Helsinki, Finland. The original Adidas logo until 1997, it is forthwith used on Adidas OriginalsAt the 1960 Summer Olympics Puma paid German sprinter Armin Hary to wear Pumas in the 100 metre sprint final. Hary ha d worn Adidas before and asked Adolf for payment, but Adidas rejected this request. The German won gold in Pumas, but then laced up Adidas for the medals ceremony, to the shock of the two Dassler brothers. Hary hoped to cash in from both, but Adi was so enraged he banned the Olympic champion.

Charles Dickens most famous Bildungsroman novel Essay Example for Free

Charles Dickens most famous Bildungsroman novel EssayHow Does Dickens Presentation of photograph as a young boy contrast to Pip as an Adult?Great Expectations is one of Charles Dickens most famous Bildungsroman novel. This story is serialised in journals from 1860 1861. It was published chapter at a time therefore would leave ein truth chapter at a cliff-hanger.Due to this novel being published in journals it made this semi-autobiographical news report available to the mass of people soaring its popularity.The main theme of this novel is associated with the main factors of Victorian era Being Gentlemen nurture and Crime and Punishment. Dickens was a social observer and would therefore base his narratives on his concerns for the social laws. Great Expectations was an example of this. This story is based on Pip, the main character, and how his life changes as he comes into possession of a lot of money from an unknown benefactor breaking the wall of social mobility on his way t o become a Gentleman.The whole stress shows the retrospective view of Pip looking back on his life. Furthermore most of the events experience by Pip could also be his past experiences. This is wherefore Great Expectations is Charles Dickens most semi-autobiographical piece of writing.This general aim of this essay is to describe the way Pip was presented as a young boy and subsequently on in his life by this worldwide known author, Charles Dickens.The key scenes in this novel which will be analysed in detail. The chosen key scenes ar chapters 1-8 where Pip is growing up as a young kid and ahs his first encounter with the convict. The significance of these chapters is that it shows Pips peasanthood and also describes his first meeting with Magwitch, who plays a huge role in this novel.The central point of this report will be foc apply on chapter 27-38. This shows Pip as a young gentleman. This is very vital as it shows the way Pip has changed from his childhood ways. In these ch apters it shows when Pip is reunited with his benefactor.The Last key scenes will be chapter 57 and 58. This is when Pip is comes together with Joe hoping to calculate to Biddy. The significance of this is that Joe is going to get married to Biddy therefore Pips reaction to this news is very interesting.Pip was bought up an orphan. The only living family member of Pip was his sister Mrs Joe Gargery. My first fancies regarding what they were like were unreasonably derived from their tombstones This quotation emphasis the fact that Pip was an orphan who had never seen his parents and is an example of dual narrative as it is quite humorous but also sad at the same time. At the beginning of the play Dickens makes the readers fell sympathetic towards Pip. This makes the readers like Pip throughout the story no matter what he does.In the Victorian Era being an orphan was very common. It meant they had no prospects for the future, would be illiterate and would therefore fade a very poor life. They would usually be homeless or taken in by gentlemens to be their slaves. I was at that time small for years and not very strong. This quotation shows that Pip had a lack of prospects which emphasised he came from a poor background. The term undersized could be used for physical terms but also could be used that he had no say in the community as he was a child and he had no say generally as him and his family were very poor.Charles Dickens reversed these points about a poor person and made social mobility come-at-able for Pip.At the beginning of the narrative Pip is a naive young boy who has no knowing of the outside world. Most of this is due to being brought up without education. Education in that era was very important as only the rich could afford it. This immediately brought up the aspect of class issues in this novel. Education led to people being in a higher social group to those who werent educated and possibly shaped their future.Pip suffered abuse from many peo ple. He was bought up by hand by his sister Mrs Joe. She had a reputation for this. This showed that Pip was brought with discipline and wouldnt dare to do a thing wrong as he would get punished for this. Another quotation that explains that Mrs Joe beats Pip to teach him manners and discipline is Be grateful boy to them which bought you up by hand. Whats worse shes got the tickler with her, this quotation shows how much Pip feared the tickler and getting beaten by Mrs Joe.As well as receiving physical abuse from Mrs Joe he received verbal abuse from many family friends such as Mr Pumblechook and also Estella. It was from the Victorian times that the reflexion Children should be seen but not heard was created. This saying applied to Pip. Many guttural sounds were used to describe the abuse that was inflicted upon Pip such as rampage. This emphasises the un-human like behaviour of Mrs Joe towards Pip.

Minireview of A Study Essay Example for Free

Minireview of A Study EssaySynaptic transmission in craniate neuromuscular junctions forms the basis of this study. The communication between neurons in the scatter consciousnessed system occurs largely due to neurotransmitter release at the synapses. Messages on the various significant nervous system functions are coordinated through the synaptic junctions and the release of neurotransmitters. Ryanodine receptors are found in the somata of the Purkinje cells, ring cells and pre-synaptic terminals of specific synapses and terminals of basket cells. atomic number 20 in the extracellular fluid triggers the neurotransmitter release. Now it is understood that pre-synaptic stores could participate in this same function. Ryanodine- fond stores of atomic number 20 also play a role.The quantum is the amount of extemporaneous signals occurring in the absence of pre-synaptic follow up potentials and is equivalent to the release of one neurotransmitter vesicle (Katz, 1969). The swea r out potentials are called miniature currents. For central synapses in the brain, large miniature currents are believed to arise from the release of more neurotransmitter or presynaptic vesicles and in the range of several quanta (Bekkers, 1994). Yoshidas study (1994) revealed that these multivesicular miniature events could actually be tetrodotoxin-resistant action potentials in the pre-synaptic terminals.Other researchers have tried to formulate the phenomenon from another angle, using the presence of intracellular calcium stores in the pre-synaptic terminals. Nakanishi et al localized inositol triphosphate receptors in the neural tissue of the developing and adult mouse brain (1991). These were immunolocalised in the pre-synaptic terminals of the deep cerebellar nuclei and the retina of the eyes. Naritas studies (1998, 2000) revealed the action of ryanodine- smooth calcium stores at the frog neuromuscular junctions.It was discovered that agents which influence the ryanodine-se nsitive Calcium stores also increased the intracellular Calcium in the pre-synaptic cells and regulated acetyl choline release during high relative frequence stimulation. Mothet et al (1998) studied the action potentials at the pre-synaptic terminals of the buccal ganglia in Aplysia. They indicated that ryanodine inhibited go the pre-synaptic injection of Cyclic ADP Ribose augmented the action potential evoked release of acetyl choline at synapses. Studies also showed that caffeine with or without ryanodine modifies Calcium stores at the pre-synaptic terminals in autonomic ganglia (Peng, 1996 Smith et al, 1996) and in photoreceptors (Krizaj, 1999). Studies on hippocampal pyramidal cells have shown thatCaffeine or thapsigargin influences the frequency of miniature IPSCs.Making an assumption, from prior studies described above, that spontaneous Calcium release from pre-synaptic Calcium stores may provide the synchronisation mechanism that causes multivesicular miniature IPSCs and t he fact that such a hypothesis has not been tested consistently previously, the authors have taken up this topic for their study on cerebellar interneuron Purkinje cells.This StudyMethodsExperiments were conducted on the sagittal cerebellar slices of decapitated rats aged 10-14 days of age. During the experimental recordings, the slices were perfused in saline containing prescribed concentrations of NaCl, KCl, Na H2PO4, NaHCO3, CaCl2, MgCl2 and glucose with 955 mixture of oxygen and carbon dioxide. Experiments were make at room temperature.For tight-seal whole-cell recordings, pipettes filled with a tooth root of appropriate concentrations of CsCl, MgCl2, HEPESCs, BAPTA-Cs (Molecular Probes, Eugene, Oregon), CaCl2, Na-GTP and Na-ATP and of pH 7.3 were used. Capacitance cancellation and series resistance compensation had been done. Kynurenic acid had been added to the extracellular answer to block the inotropic gluatamate receptors. TTX was present in the solution for all recordi ngs.The calcium free solutions were prepared by leaving out Calcium and adding EGTA Na.Membrane potential was maintained at -60mV and the current was filtered at1.5-2 kHz. Sampling was done always with brief interruptions. Detection and analysis were done using the IGOR-Pro programming environment. In experimentsneeding a Calcium channel blocker, cytochrome was added to the external solution.The toxin was prepared while the ryanodine was purchased.Testing the CalciumThe Calcium in the basket cells were tested using the Two-photon laser scanningFluorescence microscopy. For studying the action potential-evoked calcium increases, bicuculline was added to the external solution and the calcium sensitive investigate Oregon unfledged was put into the pipettes. Scans were done and pulses were applied at the end of each 8th scan. This was repeated every minute in external solution which contained salinein order to get a baseline. The external solution was then varietyd to the solution con taining ryanodine and recording proceeded for another 15 minutes. Another set of recordings were done with external solution not having calcium but having EGTA Na.The internal solution also had EGTA and Cs instead of K as the main cation.The resolutions in instinctive Calcium transients also were recorded using molecular probes in the external solution. A pseudo line scan was also done. For immunocytochemistry, a rabbit polyclonal anti-serum was raised(a) to the 16 amino-acids found in all mammals. A C terminal cysteine enabled conjugation to haemocyanin. The conjugated peptide was used to immunize rabbits. Then the ELISA confirmed the specificity. The sarcoplasmic and endoplasmic reticulum microsomes derived from theskeletal muscle, cardiac tissue, whole brain and cerebellum were used for immunoblot analysis.Effects of external Calcium concentration.Large bountifulness miniature IPSCs in cerebellar Purkinje cells were found sensitive to extracellular Calcium. With calcium free solution, the mIPSC frequency fell suddenly to half the control level. Continued exposure to the low level of external calcium caused the frequency of mIPSC to continue declining but at a slower rate. On washing after(prenominal) this, the frequency recovered and reached its initial level. The amplitude of the mIPSCs on the other drop dead showed a steady decline all through and no recovery on washing.With high levels of Calcium, the frequency of the mIPSCs increased rapidly and significantly. The change in amplitude varied from no response to a minimal increase. The inference was that Calcium strongly influenced mIPSCs in the Purkinje cells though frequency and amplitude were differently affected. The rapid change in frequency was interpreted as the reaction of intracellular Calcium to external Calcium changes. The slow change in amplitude was considered due to the extracellular influence on the pre-synaptic stores. The prolonged extracellular calcium removal could have caused s elective elimination of large amplitude miniature IPSCs.Repeating with a calcium-free solution, some large amplitude miniature IPSCs were seen again. Then there was a sudden drop and then the amplitudes reduced to become concurrent with the control and the IPSCs were also less. The reducing seen when external Calcium was removed was not due to post-synaptic modifications.On returning to the calcium-rich solution, a slight recovery of both amplitude and frequency occurred. Paired school-age childs t-tests indicate significant changes in mean amplitude and frequency between mIPSCs recorded during a 3-min control period and after 1518 min in Calcium-free external solution. 6 sham experiments were also conducted by keeping the slices in Calcium containing external solution all throughout and these showed no obvious change. The time course of decay of the IPSCs was slower in calcium-free external solution when compared to depolarization-induced calcium transients.Effects of elevated in tracellular CalciumElevated intracellular Calcium in the Purkinje cells caused a speedy frequency reduction and a slow increase in amplitude. This sudden fall could not be explained by the intracellular calcium as BAPTA buffered the Calcium in the cells and could not have caused the IPSCs.Effect of the axons in large amplitude miniature IPSCsThe immediate slow changes in the amplitude of IPSCs on withdrawal of external calcium for 3 minutes could not be attributed to the delayed removal of external calciumfrom pre-synaptic release sites. The arrange was also not due to local Calcium influx caused by the TTX insensitive axonal depolarization. For the latter test, external Cd,a non-selective channel blocker, was used. It reduced the action potential-evoked pre-synaptic Calcium transients seen in the axons and pre-synaptic terminals of cerebellar interneurons. The slow changes in amplitude were therefore not connected to rundown oraltered post-synaptic receptors or delayed extracellul ar calcium removal. The only remaining explanation was that multivesicular release under the pre-synaptic calcium stores could have caused the changes in amplitude. The lack of recovery after external Calcium coming back could be due to the slow store refilling of intracellular Calciumwhen action potentials and subsequent calcium influx are blocked.Rise Time dynamicsThe multi-vesicular release also could not completely explain the slow changes in amplitude. Rise time of IPSCs as a function of amplitude was studied after extended external calcium removal. In 6 of the 8 cells tested, the rise time was heterogenous in nature where two subpopulations were concerned. Slower decay kinetics was also noted.A faster rise time was seen in the proximal dendrites and soma. Faster IPSCs were more sensitive to external calcium removal than slow ones and these IPSCs arose at somatic synapses. The origin being multivesicular, synchronisation time must have been in the range of submillisecond. Som e IPSCs had slower rise time and decays and were less sensitive to external calcium removal. These IPSCs could be arising from dendrites and could be having synchronisation of 1-4ms.Ryanodine receptorsThe two photon laser illumination was used to focus on the ryanodine receptors stained with a high-affinity Calcium-sensitive dye, Oregon Green BAPTA-1. Transient rises of Calcium in the stained ryanodine receptors in response to short trains of action potentials were measured. The fluorescence rises were noted.Ryanodine-sensitive Calcium stores are associated with the large amplitude mIPSCs. In the experiment Ryanodine in large concentrations of 100 M blocked the receptors. The response recorded showed that Ryanodine reduced the mean amplitude and frequency of mIPSCs simultaneously. The responses to muscimol were not affected by ryanodine and the researchers assumed that ryanodine had no post synaptic effect.Axonal descry with calcium stores were identified in pre-synaptic terminals by recording responses to short action potentials. The intracellular Calcium fluctuations in response to differing concentrations of external calcium to which small concentrations of ryanodine were added was checked. Repeated scanning in the presence of TTX was done. Spontaneous calcium transients were noted before and after addition of ryanodine. Bright spots of fluorescence were noted at the pre-synaptic terminals. This signified the presence and increase of Calcium at the pre-synaptic terminals.Experiments were then done with small concentrations of Ryanodine 10 M. Large amplitude mIPSCs were recorded. High frequency bursts and amplitudes of the responses were greatly increased. The bursts could reflect the response at multivesicular and monovesicular sites. The histogram comparing the amplitudes in the control and after ryanodine was added showed a significant difference. The spontaneous Calcium transients occur at basket cell axons and their frequency was increased by small con centrations of ryanodine.

Motion-Powered Portable Charger

Motion- big businessmaned Portable ChargerThe focus of this project is to design a Motion- kinged portable safekeepingr for electronic energetic de vices. The interest in electronic mobile devices has led to power furnish problems. Most of the devices need a continuous power supply to be fully functional. This project is thought to design a solution to give almost unlimited power supply to deputation the electronic mobile devices finished movements of the users themselves. The energy is expected to be gleaned from electromechanical devices such(prenominal) as Faradays hand-held generator or piezo galvanic. The energy is then converted and altered to electric energy depending on the required output power. This project would not only give almost unlimited power supply but it too would sponsor in improving green technology and more efficient too. Simulation of the rounds in this project were created using Multisim.1.1 Project TitleMotion-powered Portable Charger1.2 acceptThe aim of this project is to design a motion-powered buckr that al commencements electronic devices users to keep on charging their electronic devices from running movement of the users. To achieve this, the iron heelr is expected to harvest enough motion from running to replenish cell phones or anformer(a)(prenominal) small gadgets, give c atomic number 18 GPS devices.1.3 ObjectivesThe objectives of this project be as fol depressedsChoosing the best electromechanical devices to charge the stamp stamp barrage in the portable chargerTesting the lowstanding of charger circuits which also includes AC-DC converters, amplifiers and some other m whatsoever minor circuits of an electronic devicesUnderstanding in organization to store energy in atomic number 3-ion stamp battery to be apply to charge electronic portable devicesMeasure the efficiency of the devices scuttlebutt and output emf, online and power of the chargerProduce useable motion-powered portable charger1.4 Lea rning OutcomeLearning outcomes of this project areManage to understand the mechanism of charging and discharging destine of atomic number 3-ion batteryUnderstand on how to development two voltage and current to required voltage and currentIm call forth problem solving and decision-making skills for sudden mistakes discovered throughout the projectsHave the confidence in designing an electronic and electrical circuits.Understand on files needed to produce a printed circuit board (PCB)Develop bonding skills so a PCB would be fully functional1.5 Materials Required18mm OD x 2mm WT x 12 long Perspex Tube30 SWG Enamelled Copper attr be activeiveness wireLM324N OpAmpLM7812CT Single Linear Voltage RegulatorTIP122G NPN Darlington Transistor1N4148 DiodeDC-DC 5V 1A/2A Boost ConverterBZX79C 4.7V Zener Diode10k PotentiometerResistors1 560 1k 1.5k 2.7k 4.7k 10k 100k 1M Capacitors10nF100nF1.6 Project PlanningWith a project with many different schedules and tasks that need to be completed pro ject planning was an essential part to designing and building a functioning system. there is a time plan of the whole project in Appendix A Project Planning.2.1 Fundamentals of Kinetic capacity and Mechanical to Electrical Energy2.1.1 Faradays legalityInitially, in 1821, a Danish physicist and chemist, Hans Christian Oersted, ready a phenomenon so called electro attractive forceism. Soon after the discoin truth, a British scientist, William Hyde Wol endureon, tried to design an electric motor using the fundamental theory of electromagnetism. However, his effort make no upshots and failed to create the motor 1.Michael Faraday who dumbfound talked to both initiators of the theory started his experiments and managed to produce the very depression electric motor. Since he is the only who published his works, he was credited for discovering the theory of induction in 1831 without acknowledging Wollaston 2. This law predicts how magnetic celestial sphere would related to electri c field which then could produce electromotive force ( potential drop), a phenomenon generally called Electromagnetic Induction 2. This law is applied as the basic fundamental theory for many applications such transformers, inductors, electric motors and in this project case, as a generator 2.However, most of the scientists rejected the Faradays theory since it was not represented mathematically 1. But only pack Clerk Maxwell accepted the theory and described the law as Faradays impartiality of Induction mathematically which then later generalized to be called the Faraday-Maxwell Equation1 13. This equivalence is one of the four so called Maxwells Equation throughout all of his theory astir(predicate) electromagnetism 1.Faradays Law of Induction surely needs the magnetic liquidise through a loop of wire 4. The definition of magnetic flux is given bywhere B is the magnetic field and dA is surface entire enclosed by the loop of wires.In term of graphical definition, magnetic flu x through the loop of wire is directly symmetryal to the number of magnetic flux lines been cut when the magnet pass through the loop of wire 4.2.1.2 Lenzs LawThe Faradays Law of Induction also states that when the magnetic flux that pass through the loop of wire swapd, the loop of wire gained an EMF. Generally, this statement means that the induced EMF in closed circuit is defined as rate of change of magnetic flux made from the circuit 56. The definition in term of equation is as belowwhere is the EMF while is the magnetic fluxThe Faradays Law of Induction is then further modified and improved by physicist named Heinrich Lenz. The improvised law is called as Lenzs Law. This law, of which gives the vigilance of the EMF, states that the direction of the induced current is opposite of the direction of the change that produced it because of the negative sign shown in the equation above 7. In order to increase the induced EMF, it is known to customize the flux linkage since EMF is also known as rate of change of flux. This gutter be done by wounding coil of wires tightly producing N pass ons of wires, which from each one of the turn have the identical magnetic flux. The EMF produced through this method is N times of one single turn of wire 8 9. get into 1 Faradays Law of Induction producing EMFThe theory from the Faradays Law of Induction due to magnetic flux linkage been cut by loop of wire then get the fundamental principle in making electrical generators. This could be happened when a conductor or loops of wires is moved relative to permanent magnet or vice versa producing EMF. If both ends of the opened-circuit wires is connected to any electrical devices, current go away be produced and electrical energy is produced. This electrical energy is gained from the motion of the magnet which then proves the diversity of mechanical energy to electrical energy.2.1.3 PiezoelectricityPiezoelectricity is the ion charges which are collected in abundant amount in some solid materials, such as ceramics and crystal, and biological matter, for example DNA and bones 10. This could only be happened when mechanical stress is applied onto the particular substances. It is understood that piezoelectric performance was a result of linear electromechanical contact between electrical and mechanical state in materials whose structure are in highly microscopic structure order. These materials used for piezoelectricity are usually have no inversion symmetry 11.During the early mid of 18th century, the early discovery and research was studied by Carl Linnaeus and Franz Aepinus. However, the study was on pyroelectric effect. This pyroelectric shows that an electrical potential of a substances or material are produced whenever there is temperature changes 12. From this discovery, Rene Just Hauy and Antoine Cesar Becquerel conclude a family relationship between electric charge of a substances or materials with mechanical stress applied onto it. Despite of their experimental efforts to prove the relationship, they are likely fail to prove the experiments conclusive 12.Unable to full understand the principle, in 1880, The Curie brothers, Pierre Curie and Jacques Curie manage to demonstrate the very first direct piezoelectric effect 13. The brothers manage to predict the behaviour of crystal by combining their knowledge on pyroeletricity with their understanding about the crystal structure. The effect was demonstrated by the brothers using tourmaline (crystalline boron silicate mineral), topaz (silicate mineral of aluminium and fluorine), cane sugar and Rochelle salt (sodium potassium tartrate tetrahydrate) Quartz (mineral composed of silicon and oxygen) 13.However, the converse piezoelectric effect wasnt predicted by the brothers. Only in the next year, 1881, Gabriel Lippmann managed to deduce the converse effect from the basic principles of thermodynamics mathematically 13. Only then, the Curie brothers got to obtain the verificat ion of the changeability of the deformations in the piezoelectric crystals and thus proved the presence of the converse effect 13.The very first application of piezoelectric devices was as in sonar. It was first developed by Paul Langevin and his assistants during World War 1 at France which was about 1917 13. Starting from this creation where piezoelectric effect was used in sonar, the development of its technology and applications was intensely explored and developed. The most common application was found to be the piezoelectric demodulator.Piezoelectric sensor, as known from its name, of course uses piezoelectric. This sensor detects any changes in pressure, force, temperature, stress or strain in form of electrical charge. This is one of the reason why it is called electromechanical devices as it generally converts mechanical energy to electrical energyFigure 2 Electronic and schematic symbol of a piezoelectric sensorThe electrical properties of the sensor are that it has very high DC output impedance. This makes the sensor could also be sculpted as proportional voltage offset or network filter 14. Voltage across the source is directly proportional to any force, stress, strain or pressure applied onto it. The current passed through the circuit then go away shows as output signal of the sensor of which specifically shows the result of the mechanical force applied 14.Figure 3 Frequency response of piezoelectric sensorIf it is intensely considered, the effects of the mechanical construction and other ingenuity of the sensor are included in the specified model. To make it function as sensor, the straight region (usable region) of the frequency response will normally be used 14. As an effort to ensure that the low frequencies of interest (straight region) not lost, the leakage and load resistance must be sufficiently large. In this region, a corresponding circuit which has been abbreviated can be used. From the circuit, the capacitance of the sensor is signi fied by CS of which is defined by the general conventionalism for capacitance of parallel plates 14. However, the device can also be showed as charge source. This could only be happened if CS is in parallel yet the charge is still directly proportional to applied force 14.Figure 4 Piezoelectric sensor as voltage source or charge sourceThe principle operation of a piezoelectric material can be divided into 3 main operative modesLongitudinal effectThe total charge displaced does not depend on the dimension and shape of the piezoelectric elements. Yet, the amount charge displaced is directly proportional to the force or pressure. The one and only technique to surge the output charge is by placing a few piezoelectric elements in parallel as from electrical horizon but in series as from mechanical perpective. The output charge is as belowwhere is the piezoelectric coefficient as a charge in x-axis are being discharged by the forces exerted onto the same x-axis. , is the force exert ed in the x-axis while is representing the number of elements that been fixed together.Shear effectThe charges formed does not depend on the dimension and size of the piezoelectric elements at all and yet it is totally and directly proportional to the force and pressure exerted. The charge for elements which is placed in parallel as from electrical perspective but in series as from mechanical perspective can be illuminated as belowTransverse effectCharges along x-axis are displaced perpendicularly to a force that been applied along a neutral y-axis. The geometrical proportions of certain piezoelectric component determined the amount of charge displaced, CX.where is the proportion coordinated with the neutral axis, is coordinated with the charge producing axis while is the equivalent coefficient2.2 Theory of Lithium ion BatteryAmongst rechargeable battery that ever exist, lithium ion battery is known to be amongst the battery with highest capability to store energy per unit volu me. This is one of the reason why lithium ion battery is considered to be useful for electrical energy storage 15. Besides, lithium ion battery is also known for its capability and efficiency in charging and discharging 15.However, there is also disadvantages of using this lithium ion battery. Comparing to condensers and other different kind of batteries, it is essential for this lithium based battery to be charged using a definite voltage and restricted current 15. If the condition is not fulfilled, the useful used-to-store-energy battery could be one of the dangerous battery as it could potentially be fire-starting bomb 15.2.2.1 Principles of Charging and Discharging Stage of Lithium ion batteryThe very foremost thing that need to be understood about discharging and charging a battery is its C-rate which is the foundation of battery usage. Generally, the batteries are characterised with nominal capacity which is measured in ampere-hour (Ah). But most of the time, the batteries ar e labelled in milliampere-hour (mAh) 15. The label actually explains the amount of current supplied within one hour during the discharging state of the battery in front the battery are fully depleted 15.As an example, a battery labelled with 10000mAh which talent be also labelled as 10Ah, could only release 10A to a circuit. If the battery is being discharged through the circuit with 10A but last for 1 hour, it verbalize that the battery would have 1C discharge rate. It is also said to be discharged at rated capacity current. However, the discharge rate would only be 0.5C when the battery only provides 5A or 5000mA to a circuit. However, with 0.5C discharge rate, the battery would last for two hours 15. Some batteries do tolerate for higher discharging rate compared to 1C, but it couldnt last longer than 1C discharge rate.As for charging condition, the theory is generally the same. At 0.5 charging rate, the same battery that labelled 10000mAh would be charged with maximum curren t of 50000mA 15. However, comparing to discharge rate of a battery, most of the batteries are only charged at 0.5 to 0.7C charging rate because of safety and to have long- vitality battery 15.Graph 1 Lithium ion battery cycle life, capacity and float voltage are interrelateFrom the graph above, it is concluded that each cell of most of the lithium ion batteries are only charged to 4.2V maximum. This is because charging using higher voltages mogul reduce the battery life even though the capacity of the battery are improved 16. On the other hand, charging the battery using a lower voltage might increase the charge cycles but the run time of the battery are reduced 16.Many batteries can be classified as over-discharged when the cell voltage of the battery is below 2.8V or 3V. When this happened, the battery can still actually be recharged and used 16. However, a peak called aconditioning stage need to be done before the battery is charged again. Within the stage, the battery is onl y charged with 0.1C charging rate 16Graph 2 The constant current, constant voltage charge profile of lithium ion batteryThe charge cycle of lithium ion battery is illustrated by the graph above. Generally, every charge cycle of single lithium battery contains two main stages which is Constant Current (CC) and Constant Voltage (CV). However, some chargers which charge series of lithium ion battery have an extra stage that is called equilibrize Stage 16. business relationship for each stage 16 is explained as belowConstant Current (CC) This stage is always used by all the chargers and it is the one and only stage aimed at the fastest chargers. Generally, the battery is connected to current-limited power supply during this early stage. The limited current is normally 0.5 to 0.7 of the nominal capacity of the battery. The limited current flows continuously and endlessly until the voltage of the battery cell inducees 4.2V. At this very moment, the charge of battery is expected to be around 70 to 80% 16.Constant Voltage (CV)This stage is also known as the saturation stage. In this stage, the charger turns its role into voltage-limited power supply. Contradictly from the previous stage where voltage of the battery continues to be unchanged, the charge current decrease steadily. The battery is only acknowledged to be fully charged when the charge current is encouraged to be 3 to 10% of the rated capacity 16.Balancing StageAs told before, this stage is normally only when series of lithium ion batteries need to be charged. In this stage, the charging current is normally lowered or in some cases, the charger is automatically and rapidly turned on and off in order to decrease the average current. At the same time, the charge of each battery cell is kept to the equal level. This was done by a circuit called balancing circuit. The stage will stop only when the batteries are found to be balanced.2.2.2 Environmental TemperatureGenerally, lithium-ion battery give best cha rging performances only at cool temperature. The temperature accepted for the best performances ranging from 5 C to 45 C. Sometimes, the battery might even offer fast-charging within the accepted temperature 15.It is also possible to charge the battery at low temperatures (below 5 C). However, the cost to charge at low temperature is that the charge current will be reduced and indirectly, it would take long times for the battery to be fully charged. When the battery is charging in the low temperature, any increment in the temperature which is caused by the internal resistance of the cell would highly be beneficial even though it only small increment.On the other hand, charging the lithium ion battery in high temperatures can cause the battery to be degraded. Besides, charging the battery at high temperature (above 45 C) also might mite to degradation of the battery performances.3.1 IntroductionIn order to simplify the design and build the system, the project was split into modules. The project modules were initially designed to be like in the block diagram below.Figure 5 Initial flow chart of the motion-powered portable chargerThe modules were later adjusted based on the knowledge gained from the literature go off. The adjusted modules are shown as below.Figure 6 Final flow chart of the motion-powered portable chargerFrom the flow chart above, it can be seen that the input of the system is made to have two inputs. As for the system, the main input supposed to be the Kinetic/Mechanical to Electrical Energy Converter. However, the other input which is the AC Power Supply is also considered because it is made to be the alternative input just in case if there is any system failure in the main input.From the flow chart, there are three modules that are available in the market and would be useful for the system. The modules are AC Power Supply, Lithium ion Battery and 5V Voltage Regulator.3.2 Kinetic/Mechanical to Electrical Energy ConverterIn this module, the de sign choice to generate the electricity which are harvested from kinetic or mechanical energy have been made. The design choice that have been made uses Faradays Law of Induction and Lenzs Law. Faradays Law of Induction applies that an electromotive force (EMF) will be produced when there is change in magnetic flux when a permanent magnet is passed through a loop of wire. Furthermore, Lenzs Law explained that the electromotive force (EMF) produced have different directions depending on the direction of the movement of the magnet relative to the loop of wire. Lenzs Law also indicates that the EMF can be converted into electricity if both ends of wire are connected to electrical load and it would produce an alternating current.Figure 7 Shake Generator with permanent magnet sure in the tubeFrom the understanding of the laws, a shake generator is made as in the figure above. The shake generator is made by using 30SWG magnet wire circling around a Perspex tube. A permanent and powerful magnet is then placed in the tube. Both end of the Perspex tube is then sealed using rubber-closed blind.Knowing that the generator would produce alternating current and produce low voltage, a circuit is designed which combined both AC-DC Converter and 12V getup voltage regulator. The AC-DC converter only consists of four 1N4001G diode which combined to form rectifier. On the other hand, the voltage regulator is created by using the LM7812CT Fairchild Semiconductor, 0.1 F capacitor and 10 F capacitor.Figure 8 AC-DC Converter and 12V 2A Voltage Regulator Circuit3.3 Battery Charging CircuitFigure 9 Battery Charging CircuitIn this circuit, a LM324N Operational Amplifier (op-amp) is used. The op-amp is used to produce a voltage and current limited power supply as in reviewed in the literature review early in this report. In this circuit, the current can be adjusted by using a potentiometer to produce current ranging from 160A to 1600mA. This allows the charger to charge discordant cap acity of lithium ion batteries. The op-amp is used so that the voltage is limited to 4.2V. Thus, the lithium ion batteries will not be damaged.Besides, the circuit also used the TIP122G junction transistors. This transistor generally is a Darlington bipolar power transistor. This transistor can actually be replaced with any transistor which have pin that compatible with TIP122Gs pin. The transistor also need to have minimum DC current gain more than 100. Besides, the maximum collector current also need to be more than 2A.3.3.1 Power Supply of the ChargerFigure 10 Power Supply Circuit of the Battery ChargerThe battery charging circuit is mainly power-driven by a charger with rating of 12V 2A as designed in the Kinetic/Mechanical to Electrical Energy Converter module. It is found that the op-amp LM324N is not a trail to rail type. Thus, another voltage rail is needed so that the op-amp could detect the small voltages near the state (GND). Besides, it is also made the output voltage to be low so that the Darlington transistor (TIP122G) wouldnt turned on when they are not supposed to.By referring to the overall schematic circuit of the Battery Charging Circuit, it can be seen that the transistor, that adjust the flow of the current and voltage across the lithium ion battery (illustrated by the oscilloscope), is not connected to ground but to a voltage rail. This is because the output of the LM324N op-amp couldnt reach the negative voltage supply. It can only reach 1.5 to 2.0V. At this condition, the TIP122G Darlington transistor couldnt be able to turn off and would result in the transistor for not be able to limit the current and voltage appropriately.This is one of the reasons why op-amp U1A and a transistor are used. This is to create a 2.5V rail practically compared to ground (GND). The voltage rail created are further used to sink the current which pass through the charger section of this module.From the circuit, the function of the resistor R2 and R3 are to act as potential divider which gives an average output voltage of 2.5V. However, it is still depending on the tolerance of both resistors. No matter on how the current flow, 2.5V will always loss across the op-amp which controls the transistor.In the circuit, the LED shows whether the charger is on or off. In addition, C2 steadily adjust the voltage out from the charger. In the battery charging circuit module, all of the op-amps and the charging indicator (illustrated by the LED) are precisely powered from the 12V supply. However, the remaining of the circuit is powered with the voltage between 12V and 2.5V rails which is 9.5V.3.3.2 The charger circuitFigure 11 Actual Charger CircuitThis section is the most significant section of the charger because this is the section that responsible in restricting the voltage and current across the lithium ion battery. From the circuit, the limited current can be controlled from the 10k potentiometer. However, the limited voltage will be cons tantly at 4.2 V unrelatedly to the various kind of the power supply.The potentiometer also effectively works together with the U1C in limiting the current of the battery. The current passing it and the voltage across might be equal since the determine of the sense resistor is only 1 .The potentiometer is above the 1k resistor and the voltage across the 1k resistor is 160mV. This would make the low voltage of the output of the potentiometer would be 0.16V. In this condition, this circuit would produce limited current of 160mA which is a suitable condition to charge a lithium ion battery labelled with 300mAh.The highest limited current through the potentiometer can be somewhat more than 1.6A since the voltage drop that been found across it is about 1.6V. Thus, by changing the potentiometer, the possible output voltage obtained can be around 0.16V to 1.6V. On the other hand, this also means that the highest limited current can be ranging around 1600mA to 160A.The transistor will be driven by the op-amp to make the voltage across the sense resistor to have the equal value as in the output of the potentiometer. Besides, the op-amp might get to produce low voltage that is just sufficient to make the transistor turn off and to induce a low limited current all because of the 2.5V rail.Towards the finale phase of the constant current stage, the voltage of the lithium ion battery become closer to the value of 4.2V. At this situation, the limiting voltage stage of the circuit and the constant voltage stage will start to take over the process.A 4.2V situation under 12V (VCC) are created by the BZX79 4.7V Zener diode and the potential divider that consists of R10 and R11. At the moment where the voltage across the lithium ion battery get to 4.2V markings, the U1D op-amp begins to drive voltage into the reversing input of the other op-amp. This process will allow the op-amp to reduce the voltage of the output to the transistor. Thus, the current passing through the lith ium ion battery will begin to overtake steadily in order to maintain 4.2V across the battery.When the l